1.2 Internet Architecture
1.2.1 Meaning:
The Internet is an international network of computers connected by
whatever media including copper wire, optic fibre or wireless
communication technology such as GPRS or 3G/4G mobile phone network.
1.2.2 History of Development:
The Internet evolved from a network developed originally to support
scientific research to the "World Wide Web" (WWW) over a period of 40
years. In the early 1960's, the United States Department of Defense
(DOD) created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). One of its
first projects was to create a system to link research centers and
Universities for purposes of sharing information.
The actual sketch of the original concept of internet :
(ttp://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/telecomm_handbook/chapter9.htm)
1.2.3 Access to the Internet:
Users of internet may access to the internet with appropriate
software such as web-browser or emailer on a computer with modem or
router via a ISP(internet service provider).
Internet Access
(Source: wikipedia)
1.2.4 Addressing:
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)- an IP address as a 32-bit binary umber ( i.e. 232=4,294,967,96).
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address
space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet
registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet
registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.
Decimal Format- e.g. The IP address of um-gallery.com is 59.188.16.19
ip address decomposition: e.g.172.16.254.1 (source: wikipedia)
Human Readable Format(domain name)- e.g. savillsguardian.com.hk (server ip: 210.177.98.17 )
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)-an IP address as a 128-bit binary umber ( i.e. 2128=....................)
ipv6 address decomposition (source: wikipedia)
1.2.5 IP Address Management and Domain Name Registry:
ICANN- All technical and policy aspects of the underlying core
infrastructure and the principal name spaces are administered by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN),
headquartered in Marina del Rey, California.
Domain Name Registry- A domain name registry is a database of all domain names registered in a top-level domain. A registry operator, also called a network information center (NIC), is the part of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet that keeps the database of domain names, and generates the zone files which convert domain names to IP addresses. Each NIC is an organisation that manages the registration of Domain names within the top-level domains for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its top-level domain.
e.g.
USA- NeuStar Inc (since April 2002)
(http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=NSR)
Hong Kong- Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Company Limited
(https://www.hkdnr.hk/register/registraion_agreement.jsp)
(http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=NSR)
Hong Kong- Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Company Limited
(https://www.hkdnr.hk/register/registraion_agreement.jsp)
1.2.6 Naming Convention:
Top Level Generic Domains-
Name | Entity |
|---|---|
| .aero | air-transport industry |
| .asia | Asia-Pacific region |
| .biz | business |
| .cat | Catalan |
| .com | commercial |
| .coop | cooperatives |
| .edu | educational |
| .gov | governmental |
| .info | information |
| .int | international organizations |
| .jobs | companies |
| .mil | U.S. military |
| .mobi | mobile devices |
| .museum | museums |
| .name | individuals, by name |
| .net | network |
| .org | organization |
| .pro | professions |
| .tel | Internet communication services |
| .travel | travel and tourism industry related sites |
| .xxx | adult entertainment |
Country Code Top Level Domain-
1.2.7 Internet Map and Node:
In communication networks, a node (Latin nodus, ‘knot’) is a
connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication
endpoint (some terminal equipment). If the network in question is the
Internet or an Intranet, many physical network nodes are host
computers, also known as Internet nodes, identified by an IP address,
and all hosts are physical network nodes. Practically speaking, ISP or
major web-hosting companies are the typical nodes in the internet
network architecture.
Internet topological representation-
(Source: wikipedia)